Brain and body measures of motivation

Inclusion criteria: The participants are supposed to satisfy all criteria of each organization. National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology [Healthy Personel Experiment] #1. The participants are supposed to have the capacity to understand the protocol of the experiment and the capacity to consent. #2. The participants should be healthy individuals over 18y. Approximately half of the participants are supposed to be female. National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology [Parkinson's disease Experiment] Patient Group: #1. The individuals with the capacity to understand the protocol of the experiment and the capacity to consent. #2. The individuals with Parkinson's disease who satisfy the UK Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank Clinical Diagnostic Criteria (1993). #3. The individuals with Parkinson's disease whose Hoehn and Yahr Scales are three or smaller than three. #4. The individuals over 18y. Control Group: #1. The participants are supposed to have the capacity to understand the protocol of the experiment and the capacity to consent. #2. The participants should be healthy individuals age- and sex-matched with the Patient Group. The participants should be over 18y. NTT Communication Science Laboratories #1. Adult participants are supposed to have the capacity to understand the protocol of the experiment and the capacity to consent. Non-adult individuals are eligible only when their legal representatives provide consent on behalf of them. #2. The participants should be healthy individuals over 6y. University of Tsukuba #1. The participants are supposed to have the capacity to understand the protocol of the experiment and the capacity to consent. #2. The participants should be students of the University of Tsukuba. #3. The participants should be healthy individuals over 18y. #4. The participants are supposed to be insured by Japan Educational Exchanges and Services. Exclusion criteria: Each organization defines its criteria. National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology [Healthy Personel Experiment] #1. The individual who has a history of mental or neurological diseases #2. The individual who has a history of severe physical diseases #3. The individual who is or might be pregnant or is willing to get pregnant currently #4. The individual who has a pacemaker or other metallic objects such as surgical clips or bolts inside of the body #5. The individual who has a tattoo #6. The individual who has claustrophobia #7. The individual who has no eyesight #8. The individual who is thought to be unable to follow the experimenter's instruction #9. The individual who is thought not to be inappropriate to participate in the study Criteria #3-6 are only for the participants who are scheduled to attend the MRI session. The participants who are eligible to participate in the MRI session may be scheduled predominantly. National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology [Parkinson's disease Experiment] Patient Group: #1. The individual who has a severe cognitive impairment #2. The individual who cannot walk without help #3-9. Same as the criteria #3-9 of National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology [Healthy Personel Experiment] Control Group: Same as the criteria #1-9 of National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology [Healthy Personel Experiment] NTT Communication Science Laboratories and University of Tsukuba Same as the criteria #1, 2, 7, 8, and 9 of National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology [Healthy Personel Experiment]