Terapias Multimodales no Invasivas y no Farmacológicas para la Enfermedad de Parkinson y Alzheimer: Mecanismos Biológicos y Avances Terapéuticos / Non-Invasive and Non-Pharmacological Multimodal Therapies for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Disease: Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Advances
Terapias Multimodales no Invasivas y no Farmacológicas para la Enfermedad de Parkinson y Alzheimer: Mecanismos Biológicos y Avances Terapéuticos / Non-Invasive and Non-Pharmacological Multimodal Therapies for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Disease: Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Advances
Where did the research take place?
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Cochrane, CA · Possible study site
A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library using terms related to neurodegeneration, rehabilitation, neuromodulation, therapeutic exercise, and cognitive stimulation.Location evidence
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Original abstract
Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease represent two of the main causes of neurodegenerative disability worldwide and constitute an important clinical, social, and economic challenge due to progressive population aging (Armstrong, 2020). Although current pharmacological treatments offer partial symptomatic benefits, there are persistent limitations related to disease progression, the appearance of adverse effects, and the progressive reduction of therapeutic efficacy (Arvanitakis, 2020). In this context, non-invasive and non-pharmacological multimodal therapies have emerged as promising complementary strategies aimed at improving functionality, quality of life, and various pathophysiological mechanisms associated with neurodegeneration (Chen, 2012). The objective of this narrative review was to analyze the contemporary evidence related to non-pharmacological interventions applied in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, emphasizing their biological mechanisms and recent therapeutic advances. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library using terms related to neurodegeneration, rehabilitation, neuromodulation, therapeutic exercise, and cognitive stimulation. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, clinical trials, and observational studies published between 2010 and 2026 were included. The reviewed literature suggests that interventions such as physical exercise, neurological physiotherapy, cognitive stimulation, non-invasive neuromodulation, music therapy, and mind-body practices can promote neuroplasticity processes, modulate neuroinflammation, and improve motor, cognitive, and emotional parameters (Dockx, K. 2016). However, significant methodological limitations persist, particularly related to the heterogeneity of protocols and the lack of robust longitudinal follow-up. It is concluded that multimodal approaches represent a complementary therapeutic line with growing potential within the comprehensive management of neurodegenerative diseases.