An Exploration of Apathy and Impulsivity in Parkinson Disease
An Exploration of Apathy and Impulsivity in Parkinson Disease
Where did the research take place?
The study site has not been established. Author addresses may differ from where the research occurred.
Manchester, GB · Author affiliation
Department of Elderly Medicine, Wythenshawe Hospital, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UKLocation evidence
Salford, GB · Author affiliation
Greater Manchester Neurosciences Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Lane, Salford M6 8HD, UKLocation evidence
Oxford, GB · Author affiliation
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, School of Community-Based Medicine, University of Manchester, Jean McFarlane Building, University Place, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UKLocation evidence
Bradford, GB · Author affiliation
The Research Support and Governance Office, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford BD9 6RJ, UKLocation evidence
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Original abstract
Background. Apathy and impulsivity in Parkinson disease (PD) are associated with clinically significant behavioral disorders.Aim. To explore the phenomenology, distribution, and clinical correlates of these two behaviors.Methods. In PD participants (n=99) without dementia we explored the distribution of measures of motivation and impulsivity using univariate methods. We then undertook factor analysis to define specific underlying dimensions of apathy and impulsivity. Regression models were developed to determine the associated demographic and clinical features of the derived dimensions.Results. The factor analysis of apathy (AES-C) revealed a two-factor solution: “cognitive-behavior” and “social indifference”. The factor analysis of impulsivity (BIS-11) revealed a five-factor solution: “inattention”; “impetuosity”; “personal security”; “planning”; and “future orientation”. Apathy was significantly associated with: age, age of motor symptom onset (positive correlation), disease stage, motor symptom severity, and depression. Impulsivity was significantly associated with: age of motor symptom onset (negative correlation), gambling and anxiety scores, and motor complications. We observed an overlap of apathy and impulsivity in some participants.Conclusion. In PD, apathy and impulsivity have specific phenomenological profiles and are associated with particular clinical phenotypes. In spite of this, there is some overlap of behaviors which may suggests common aspects in the pathology underlying motivation and reward processes.