Anthracene-Modified Nanoporous Silica Nanoparticles for ATP Detection and Salivary Diagnostics in Parkinson’s Disease
Anthracene-Modified Nanoporous Silica Nanoparticles for ATP Detection and Salivary Diagnostics in Parkinson’s Disease
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Original abstract
[EN] ATP is an essential biological molecule, and abnormal levels are linked to various diseases. In this study, we developed an optical sensor array consisting of an anthracene-modified MCM-41 mesoporous nanoparticle-based hybrid organic-inorganic material to detect ATP in a TRIS-HCl buffer (pH 7). To create the sensor, we synthesized MCM-41 silica nanoparticles and functionalized them with aminoanthracene and imidazolium-anthracene groups. The fluorescence responses of the optical sensor array were recorded and analyzed by using a pattern recognition protocol, specifically linear discriminant analysis, to distinguish between ATP, ADP, AMP, and potential interferents. Quantitative regression analysis of ATP in TRIS-HCl was performed using artificial neural networks, which yielded an acceptable error rate of 7.8%. The sensor array was also evaluated for discrimination of Parkinson's disease (PD) from healthy controls, based on pattern recognition of ATP-related analytes in saliva samples from 24 patients with PD and 23 healthy controls. The results showed that the MCM-41 mesoporous silica nanoparticle-based sensor array can discriminate PD by pattern recognition with 73.7% sensitivity and 83.3% specificity. The diagnostic part of this study is supported by the Ankara University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Office (TSA-2023-2648 and TSA-2025-3825). V.M.-C. acknowledges financial support from the Project CIDEGENT/2020/031 funded by the Generalitat Valenciana, Project ESGENT/2024/ 001 funded by the Generalitat Valenciana, project PID2024- 157188OB-I00 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033 and FEDER A way to make Europe, project PID2020-113256RA-I00 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033, and project CNS2023-144879 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR. R.M.-M. acknowledges the European Union s Horizon EUROPE research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 101093042, project PID2024-155683OB-C41 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033 and FEDER A way to make Europe, project PID2021-126304OB-C41 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033 and FEDER A way to make Europe, and project PROMETEO CIPROM/2021/007 funded by Generalitat Valenciana. E.C. thanks the Instituto de Salud Carlos III for founding the projects Miguel Servet 2023 CP23/00086 and PI24_01239, both cofunded by the European Union.