Association between influenza infection and subsequent Parkinson's disease diagnosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Association between influenza infection and subsequent Parkinson's disease diagnosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Where did the research take place?
The study site has not been established. Author addresses may differ from where the research occurred.
Bolton, GB · Author affiliation
Royal Bolton Hospital, Bolton NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, UK.Location evidence
Bandar Sunway, MY · Author affiliation
Sir Jeffrey Cheah Sunway Medical School, Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.Location evidence
Dhahran, SA · Author affiliation
Laboratory Department, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.Location evidence
Riyadh, SA · Author affiliation
College of Medicine, Dar AlUloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Location evidence
SA · Author affiliation · country only
Biological Science Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia.Location evidence
Abu Dhabi, AE · Author affiliation
College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.Location evidence
Jeddah, SA · Author affiliation
Gastroenterology Department, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.Location evidence
Şafwá, SA · Author affiliation
Primary Healthcare, Qatif Health Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Safwa, Saudi Arabia.Location evidence
Abha, SA · Author affiliation
Internal Medicine Department, King Khalid University Medical City, Abha, Saudi Arabia.Location evidence
Madinah, SA · Author affiliation
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.Location evidence
Haripur, PK · Author affiliation
Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan.Location evidence
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Original abstract
INTRODUCTION: As infectious agents may be associated with neurodegenerative diseases, this systematic review and meta-analysis investigated whether prior influenza infection is associated with an increased odds of subsequent Parkinson's disease (PD) diagnosis. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for observational studies examining influenza infection and later PD diagnosis. Seven studies (comprising eight cohorts) were analyzed using frequentist and Bayesian random-effects meta-analyses. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses were conducted to explore the moderating effect of the time interval between influenza exposure and subsequent PD diagnosis (i.e. exposure window). RESULTS: A significant association was observed in both approaches: pooled OR = 1.87 (95% CI: 1.24-2.81) under the frequentist model, and posterior median OR = 1.88 (95% CrI: 1.07-3.36) under the Bayesian model. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses identified the influenza exposure window as a moderator (R2 = 36.6%, p < 0.05), with studies reporting influenza exposure within five years before PD diagnosis showing the strongest associations. CONCLUSION: Our findings support a probable and temporally sensitive association between influenza infection and subsequent PD diagnosis. However, these findings should be interpreted cautiously, given the retrospective and heterogeneous nature of the available data.