From phenotype to biology: a multi-modal roadmap of biofluid, tissue, imaging, and digital biomarkers in Parkinson's disease.
From phenotype to biology: a multi-modal roadmap of biofluid, tissue, imaging, and digital biomarkers in Parkinson's disease.
Where did the research take place?
The study site has not been established. Author addresses may differ from where the research occurred.
Beijing, CN · Author affiliation
Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.Location evidence
Xili, CN · Author affiliation
GYENNO SCIENCE CO., LTD., 8F, Building B2, Creative City, Chuang Ke Road, Xili Street, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518000, China.Location evidence
Shenzhen, CN · Author affiliation
GYENNO SCIENCE CO., LTD., 8F, Building B2, Creative City, Chuang Ke Road, Xili Street, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518000, China.Location evidence
Wuhan, CN · Author affiliation
HUST-GYENNO CNS Intelligent Digital Medicine Technology Center, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.Location evidence
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Original abstract
The definition of Parkinson's disease (PD) is undergoing a profound transformation from a "clinical syndrome" to a "biological entity", with development of two objective biological classification systems, the NSD-ISS (Neuronal Alpha-Synuclein Disease Integrated Staging System) and the SynNeurGe framework. Multimodal diagnostic tools further improve the detection of PD. This review synthesizes advances in three key domains of PD detection. First, fluid and tissue biomarkers, particularly using α-synuclein (αSyn) seed amplification assays, allow detection of synucleinopathy in cerebrospinal fluid, blood, saliva, and skin. This supports pathological diagnosis and differential classification. Extracellular vesicles provide cell-type-specific cargo profiles, while neurofilament light chain indicates neuroaxonal injury. Second, neuroimaging captures in vivo pathology. MRI identifies nigral degeneration (nigrosome-1 loss, iron accumulation, neuromelanin depletion), MRS reveals metabolic and neurotransmitter imbalances, and αSyn positron emission tomography tracers enable direct visualization of aggregation. Third, digital biomarkers derived from wearable devices, videos, and audios quantify real-world motor and non-motor symptoms, enabling continuous, ecological monitoring. Integration of these complementary biomarker streams is essential for biological definition and stratification of PD patients, and development of targeted therapies. Standardization of assays, multicenter validations, and clear guidance on who should be tested, when testing is appropriate, and how results should inform diagnosis, stratification, or monitoring are required for the translation of these methods into clinical practice in PD.