The potential role of adenosinergic pathway and methylxanthines in Parkinson's disease: Blowing in the wind or not.
The potential role of adenosinergic pathway and methylxanthines in Parkinson's disease: Blowing in the wind or not.
Where did the research take place?
The study site has not been established. Author addresses may differ from where the research occurred.
SA · Author affiliation · country only
School of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.Location evidence
Baghdad, IQ · Author affiliation
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.Location evidence
Najaf, IQ · Author affiliation
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine Jabir Ibn, Hayyan Medical University, Al-Ameer Qu./, Najaf, Iraq.Location evidence
Makkah, SA · Author affiliation
Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.Location evidence
Rābigh, SA · Author affiliation
College of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia.Location evidence
Arīsh, EG · Author affiliation
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University-Arish Branch, Arish, 45511, Egypt. mostafa.mohsen@su.edu.eg.Location evidence
Chandigarh, IN · Author affiliation
University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India.Location evidence
Mohali, IN · Author affiliation
University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India.Location evidence
AU · Author affiliation · country only
Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, Australia.Location evidence
Athens, GR · Author affiliation
Department of Research & Development, Funogen, Athens, Greece.Location evidence
Vienna, AT · Author affiliation
Department of Research & Development, AFNP Med, Vienna, Austria.Location evidence
Wuppertal, DE · Author affiliation
Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, University of Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany. drmariospapadakis@gmail.com.Location evidence
EG · Author affiliation · country only
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt. Gaberelsaberbatiha@gmail.com.Location evidence
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Original abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a systemic neurodegenerative disease, and is mainly related to the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Despite extensive research regarding PD neuropathology, there are no active drugs to avert this disease. It has been described that the adenosine pathway, which is expressed centrally and peripherally, is involved in the pathogenesis of PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Adenosine acts on adenosine receptors (ARs), including A1R, A2AR, A2BR, and A3R. Both A1R and A3R are neuroprotective, while A2AR and A2BR are neurotoxic for the brain. A2AR, in the SNpc, mediates the neurotoxicity of adenosine in PD. In addition, data from epidemiological studies highlighted controversial findings in PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the present review aims to revise from published articles the potential role of the adenosine pathway in PD neuropathology, and how methylxanthines affect the dopaminergic neurotransmission in the SNpc. This review highlighted that selective A2AR antagonists could be more effective than non-selective AR antagonists in the management of motor and non-motor symptoms of PD.