Role of insulin-like growth factor-1/2 and related signaling in parkinson's disease.
Role of insulin-like growth factor-1/2 and related signaling in parkinson's disease.
Where did the research take place?
The study site has not been established. Author addresses may differ from where the research occurred.
SA · Author affiliation · country only
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.Location evidence
Baghdad, IQ · Author affiliation
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.Location evidence
Najaf, IQ · Author affiliation
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Jabir ibn Hayyan Medical University, Najaf, Iraq.Location evidence
Arīsh, EG · Author affiliation
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University- Arish Branch, Arish, 45511, Egypt. Mostafa.mohsen@su.edu.eg.Location evidence
Chandigarh, IN · Author affiliation
University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, Punjab, India.Location evidence
Mohali, IN · Author affiliation
University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, Punjab, India.Location evidence
Athens, GR · Author affiliation
Department of Research & Development, Funogen, Athens, 11741, Greece.Location evidence
AT · Author affiliation · country only
Department of Research & Development, AFNP Med, Wien, 1030, Austria.Location evidence
AU · Author affiliation · country only
Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia.Location evidence
Wuppertal, DE · Author affiliation
Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, Wuppertal, 42283, Germany.Location evidence
EG · Author affiliation · country only
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, AlBeheira, 22511, Egypt.Location evidence
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Original abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronically progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) which is a protein recognized for its neuroprotective properties is naturally declines with aging. This age-related reduction in IGF-1 and its associated signaling pathways has been hypothesized to contribute to PD pathogenesis. Intriguingly, the early stage of PD is often marked by elevated brain and peripheral IGF-1 levels, suggesting a compensatory response to counteract progressive PD neuropathology and slowing disease progression. Conversely, as neurodegeneration advances in later stages of PD, a notable reduction in both IGF-1 levels and its expression is observed. Despite these seemingly contradictory findings regarding IGF-1’s dynamic changes throughout the disease course, its precise role in the complex pathogenesis of PD remains largely undefined. This review aims to comprehensively explore and critically discuss the multifaceted involvement of IGF-1 signaling in PD, and to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits of targeting this pathway for the effective management of the disease.